Addressing Educated Unemployment in Padang City: Data Analysis, Theory, and Policy Recommendations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69989/rg5ya806Keywords:
Educated unemployment, Labor market mismatch, Overeducation, Informal employmentAbstract
This study addresses educated unemployment in Padang City by integrating official labor-market statistics with a theory-informed policy diagnosis. Using recent Sakernas-based indicators and provincial/city benchmarking, the analysis documents that Padang’s unemployment level is among the highest in West Sumatra and that joblessness is disproportionately concentrated among upper-secondary and tertiary-educated groups, indicating persistent frictions in education-to-work transitions. The results suggest that the problem is shaped by interacting mechanisms: limited availability of graduate-appropriate jobs within a service- and microenterprise-dominated economy, substantial informality that absorbs labor but weakly supports high-skill career ladders, and matching inefficiencies consistent with skill mismatch, overeducation risk, and credential competition. Building on these findings, the paper proposes a targeted policy package that combines demand-side job upgrading and sector-oriented job creation with supply-side improvements in skills signaling, employer-linked training, structured internships/apprenticeships, and strengthened labor-market intermediation. The study contributes a city-focused evidence base to guide local government and education institutions in designing measurable, implementable interventions to reduce educated unemployment and improve job quality.
Downloads
References
Araki, S., & Kariya, T. (2022). Credential inflation and decredentialization: Re-examining the mechanism of the devaluation of degrees. European Sociological Review, 38(6), 904–919. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcac004
Ariansyah, K., Wismayanti, Y. F., Savitri, R., Listanto, V., & Aswin, A. (2024). Comparing labor market performance of vocational and general school graduates in Indonesia: Insights from stable and crisis conditions. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 16, Article 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-024-00160-6
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS-Statistics Indonesia). (2024). Booklet Sakernas Februari 2024 (Vol. 7, No. 1). https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/07/05/0455778ea851bbeda66890a8/booklet-sakernas-februari-2024.html
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS-Statistics Indonesia). (2025). Indikator Pasar Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Agustus 2025. https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2025/12/30/cd78a8ff95fcf228a712e8ac/indikator-pasar-tenaga-kerja-indonesia-agustus-2025.html
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS-Statistics Indonesia). (2025). Labor force situation in Indonesia: August 2025. https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2025/12/19/42a75ee61332755586fdfcdd/labor-force-situation-in-indonesia-august-2025.html
Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Padang. (2018, November 5). Agustus 2018: Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) di Sumatera Barat sebesar 5,55 persen [Press release]. https://padangkota.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2018/11/05/487/agustus-2018--tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka--tpt--di-sumatera-barat-sebesar-5-55-persen.html
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Barat. (2025, November 5). Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) Sumatera Barat Agustus 2025 sebesar 5,62 persen, turun 0,13 persen poin dibanding Agustus 2024 [Press release]. https://sumbar.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2025/11/05/1390/unemployment-rate--tpt--of-sumatera-barat-in-august-2025-was-5-62-percent--a-decrease-of-0-13-percentage-points-compared-to-august-2024.html
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Barat. (n.d.). Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) menurut kabupaten/kota [Statistical table]. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://sumbar.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MTM5IzI%3D/tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka-tpt-menurut-kabupaten-kota.html
Carranza, E., & McKenzie, D. (2023). Job training and job search assistance policies in developing countries (Policy Research Working Paper No. 10576). World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10576
Damelang, A., & Ruf, K. (2023). Once outside, always outside? The link between overeducation persistence and training systems throughout the employment career. Social Science Research, 109, 102774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102774
International Labour Organization. (2019, October 30). Work and employment are not synonyms. https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/work-and-employment-are-not-synonyms
International Labour Organization. (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goal #8: Decent work and economic growth. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://www.ilo.org/topics-and-sectors/decent-work-and-2030-agenda-sustainable-development/sustainable-development-goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth
ILOSTAT. (n.d.). Education and mismatch indicators (EMI database): Concepts and definitions. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/description-education-and-mismatch-indicators/
McGuinness, S., Pouliakas, K., & Redmond, P. (2017). How useful is the concept of skills mismatch? (IZA Discussion Paper No. 10786). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://ftp.iza.org/dp10786.pdf
McGuinness, S., Pouliakas, K., & Redmond, P. (2018). Skills mismatch: Concepts, measurement and policy approaches. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(4), 985–1015. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12254
Montt, G. (2017). Field-of-study mismatch and overqualification: Labour market correlates and their wage penalty. IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 6(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40172-016-0052-x
OECD. (2023). OECD Skills Outlook 2023: Skills for a resilient green and digital transition. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/27452f29-en
Paramitasari, N., Khoirunurrofik, K., Mahi, B. R., & Hartono, D. (2024). Charting vocational education: Impact of agglomeration economies on job–education mismatch in Indonesia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 8(2), 461–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-024-00333-x
Pemerintah Kota Padang. (2025, June 18). Pemko Padang genjot pengembangan SDM, tekan pengangguran dan ciptakan pelayanan publik lebih baik. https://padang.go.id/berita/pemko-padang-genjot-pengembangan-sdm-tekan-pengangguran-dan-ciptakan-pelayanan-publik-lebih-baik
Rothenberg, A. D., Gaduh, A., Burger, N. E., Chazali, C., Tjandraningsih, I., Radikun, R., Sutera, C., & Weilant, S. (2016). Rethinking Indonesia’s informal sector. World Development, 80, 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.005
World Bank. (2019). World Development Report 2019: The changing nature of work. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1328-3
Wicaksono, P., Theresia, I., & Al Aufa, B. (2023). Education–occupation mismatch and its wage penalties: Evidence from Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 10(3), 2251206. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2251206
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ferrid Syaf Putra (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Licensing Notice
Authors publishing in Jurnal Ilmiah Ekotrans & Erudisi (JIEE) retain copyright over their original scholarly works and grant the journal the right of first publication. Published articles are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Under this license, users are permitted to copy, redistribute, share, reproduce, translate, adapt, and build upon the licensed material for any lawful purpose, including commercial use, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), the initial publication in JIEE is acknowledged, a link to the license is provided, and any modifications are indicated. When adapted material is shared, the adaptation must comply with the applicable ShareAlike licensing requirements.
No additional permission from the authors or the journal is required for uses authorized by CC BY-SA 4.0. Users must not impose additional legal restrictions or technological measures that prevent others from exercising the rights granted by the license.
Authors may enter into separate, additional non-exclusive arrangements for the distribution of their published work, including deposit in institutional repositories, scholarly repositories, and academic websites, provided that the original publication in JIEE is appropriately acknowledged and the applicable licensing terms are respected.
Third-party materials that are expressly excluded from the article's Creative Commons license remain subject to their respective copyright and permission requirements. The license does not override applicable privacy, personality, or other rights.
For copyright-related inquiries or reports of possible infringement, please contact the JIEE Editorial Office.
Official License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/






